Adiposity and clinical outcomes in East Asian patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Abdominal computed tomography images of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. (A-B) Cross-sectional abdominal computed tomography images for the adiposity analyses from a lean HFpEF patient (BMI of 17.1 kg/m2) show a much lesser degree of both visceral and subcutaneous amounts of adipose tissue than those from an obese patient (BMI 32.9 kg/m2). Red and blue areas indicate visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, with the green area indicating abdominal skeletal muscle. BMI, body mass index; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 2. Distribution of body mass index in the study population. The distribution of BMI among all patients shows that the prevalence of obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) is low (4.6 %). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1.

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  Fig. 3. Kaplan–Meier curve analyses demonstrating the association between body measurements and composite outcomes.(A) Kaplan–Meier curve analyses show that patients in the lowest and intermediate tertiles of actual body weight have poorer outcomes than those in the highest tertile. (B) There is a dose-dependent increase in the composite outcomes as BMI decreased. (C-D) Similar trends are observed when dividing the participants based on the tertiles of waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio. T, tertile; Abbreviations as in Fig. 1.

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  Fig. 4. Kaplan–Meier curve analyses demonstrating the association between CT-based fat measurements and composite outcomes.(A-B) Patients in the lowest and intermediate tertiles of height-indexed VAT volume or area have poorer outcomes than those in the highest tertile. (C-D) There are dose-dependent associations between height-indexed SAT volume or area and outcomes, in which patients with lower SAT amounts have worse outcomes. CT, computed tomography; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; and VAT, visceral adipose tissue.

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  Fig. 5. Incremental prognostic value of height-indexed subcutaneous adipose tissue.The addition of creatinine and albumin levels significantly improves the model based on age, BMI, and DBP. The prognostic value is further improved by adding height-iSAT area. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; iSAT, indexed SAT; Abbreviations as in Fig. 1, Fig. 4.