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June 24, 2026International Journal of Molecular MedicineOpen Access

Sex differences profoundly shape CKM syndrome presentation and treatment responses, demanding sex-stratified precision medicine.

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Population

Patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome

Design

Review

Key result

Sex differences profoundly influence the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment responses in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, necessitating sex-stratified precision medicine.

Authors

YFYanqin FanHHHongtu HuJCJing Cheng

Discussion

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Overview

Supports incorporating sex and menopausal status into risk assessment; leaves open whether sex-stratified regimens improve cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic outcomes.

Key Points

  • This review aims to explore the sex-based differences in the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
  • Reviewed existing literature on CKM syndrome focusing on sex differences and treatment outcomes.
  • Analyzed mechanisms such as inflammation and hormonal influences on disease progression in different sexes.
  • Discussed implications for clinical guidelines and trial designs considering sex-related disparities.
  • Premenopausal women show protective cardiovascular profiles due to estrogen, while men experience more severe disease progression.
  • Postmenopausal women have poorer outcomes at CKM stages compared to men, despite similar disease severity.
  • Therapeutic responses to medications like statins and SGLT2 inhibitors vary across sexes, indicating potential for personalized treatment approaches.

Structured PICO

P
Population
Patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome

This review highlights profound sex-based differences in the incidence, progression, and treatment response of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, emphasizing the need for sex-stratified clinical trials and personalized care.

Cite This Study

Fan et al. (2026) conducted a review in Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome. Sex differences profoundly influence the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment responses in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, necessitating sex-stratified precision medicine.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a3c239bd15afadd906fa512https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5873
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