This paper adopts a dispositionalist framework to analyze three possible modes through which God might bring about His will in nature: by altering dispositions, modifying manifestations, or changing stimuli. It rejects the first as philosophically problematic and the third as metaphysically impossible, defending the second—divine modification of stimuli—as the most coherent option. This view maintains causal closure and aligns with dispositionalist metaphysics. An epistemological argument further supports this stance, showing that our limited access to all possible stimuli prevents definitive judgments about whether novel phenomena reflect divine miracles or undiscovered natural dispositions.
Javad Darvish Aghajani (Tue,) studied this question.