Abstract Li Zhi’s affirmation of the innateness of “selfishness” (私心) reopened the long discussion that started since the Axial age on selfishness or goodness of human nature. However, the solution that Li presents is different from many previous opinions, and his psychological realism digs into the depths of the human soul. His concept of “selfishness” in modern psychological terms can be rendered with “self-motivation” and “flow experience.” It appreciates the creativity and characteristics of each individual; it is assumed positive for the harmonious economic development of society because it drives the personal commitment of the members of society and their peculiar abilities and interests to the activities in which they are involved; at the same time, it holds into consideration the complexity of the social constructions, the consciousness of one’s limits and social interdependence through self-cultivation and the Confucian concept of oneness (一体). It is supposed to be not harmful to social coexistence but rather to respond to the needs of each individual’s search for happiness; the resulting self is therefore the bearer of new elements, connected with the economic development and social mobility of the mid-Ming period and with the elaboration of the so-called “cult of qing (情).” Worthy of notice, from a cross-cultural perspective, Li’s solution addresses issues also faced by thinkers in other civilizations.
Paolo Santangelo (Wed,) studied this question.