Urinary Metabolomics Study of Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. PCA scores plot (A), OPLS−DA scores plot (B), and correlation coefficient S-line plot (C) for the pairwise comparison between BAV (▲) and controls (●). Abbreviation: 3-OHB, 3-hydroxybutyrate; ala, alanine; bet, betaine; crt, creatine; gly, glycine; hip, hippurate; tau, taurine.

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  Figure 2. Topology map, generated using MetaboAnalyst, describing the impact of the seven discriminant metabolites identified through comparative analysis of BAV against controls by OPLS-DA. Bubble size is proportional to the impact of each pathway, while bubble color denotes the degrees of significance from highest (red) to lowest (white).

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  Figure 3. Heatmap representing the correlation coefficient matrix (reflecting Pearson’s correlation coefficients) between urine metabolites identified as potential biomarkers differentiating BAV from controls. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 4. Box-and-whisker plots of the relative content of metabolites that were significantly perturbed in BAV compared to controls as indicated by the OPLS-DA analysis of the NMR data set. Quantification was achieved after the calculation of the area under the corresponding peaks. The boxes show the median and the inter-quartile range for each metabolite in the two groups. Abbreviation: ES, effect size value.

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  Figure 5. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of glycine, hippurate, and taurine for differentiating BAV patients from healthy controls.