Long-Term Visit-to-Visit Mean Arterial Pressure Variability and the Risk of Heart Failure and All-Cause Mortality

Figures

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  Figure 1. Cumulative incidence estimates (Kaplan–Meier) for the (A) all-cause mortality and (B) heart failure in four groups by quartile value of MAP variability (VIM). MAP, mean arterial pressure; VIM, variability independent of the mean.

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  Figure 2. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for the association of MAP variability measured by VIM with incident (A) all-cause mortality and (B) heart failure. Hazard ratios (indicated by a red solid line) and 95% CIs (red dotted lines) are derived from Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, education level, smoking status, drinking status, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, eGFR, prevalent hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, antihypertensive medicine, aspirin, statin, SBP, DBP at visit 4, and mean of MAP from visit 1 to 4. The VIM of MAP was centered at the sample median and modeled using a restricted cubic spline with knots at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles. The black dotted line is the reference line as hazard ratio = 1. Histograms represent the frequency distribution of MAP variability (VIM). MAP, mean arterial pressure; VIM, variability independent of the mean; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood…

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  Figure 3. Association of the highest quartile of MAP variability group (VIM Q4) compared with the lower MAP variability group (VIM Q1 + Q2 + Q3) for all-cause mortality in key subgroups. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were obtained after individually removing the original variable from the Cox Model 3 that adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, education level, smoking status, drinking status, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, eGFR, prevalent hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, antihypertensive medicine, aspirin, statin, SBP, DBP at visit 4, and mean of MAP from visit 1 to 4. MAP, mean arterial pressure; VIM, variability independent of the mean; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

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  Figure 4. Association of the highest quartile of MAP variability group (VIM Q4) compared with the lower MAP variability group (VIM Q1 + Q2 + Q3) for heart failure in key subgroups. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were obtained after individually removing the original variable from the Cox Model 3 that adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, education level, smoking status, drinking status, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, eGFR, prevalent hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, antihypertensive medicine, aspirin, statin, SBP, DBP at visit 4, and mean of MAP from visit 1 to 4. MAP, mean arterial pressure; VIM, variability independent of the mean; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.