Compares instructional design models to propose an engineering-based learning ecosystem for evolving labor skills.
Industry 4.0 creates a need to transform education to meet evolving labor market skills. This study reviews and compares major instructional design models ADDIE, SAM, ASSURE, MISA, and Dick and Carey using Gropper’s framework enriched with Education 4.0 criteria. Results show these models offer structure but remain module-focused and lack a systemic perspective. The research proposes a broader, engineering-based approach using TRIZ principles to create an integrated learning ecosystem that supports agile, flexible, and continuous skills development aligned with Industry 4.0.
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Oubali et al. (2026) studied this question.
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