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July 8, 2026LifeOpen Access

Non-Invasive Assessment of Hypertonic Muscle Properties After Botulinum Toxin Neuromodulation in Post-Stroke Patients: A Systematic Literature Review of Recent Evidence (2023–2025) on Mobility and Balance

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Authors

SGSebastian GiuvaraGOGelu OnoseCMConstantin Munteanu

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Overview

Systematic review demonstrates limited non-invasive methods in assessing mobility and balance in post-stroke spasticity treatment.

Key Points

  • This review aims to synthesize evidence on the non-invasive assessment of spastic muscle properties following botulinum toxin treatment in post-stroke patients.
  • Conducted a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched electronic databases for studies published from January 2023 to December 2025.
  • Included 32 studies, comprising clinical studies, reviews, and surveys related to botulinum toxin and spasticity.
  • Only a limited number of studies utilized objective non-invasive assessment methods.
  • Few studies established direct links between muscle property changes and balance or mobility outcomes.
  • The majority relied on clinical scales rather than biomechanical evaluations.

Cite This Study

Giuvara et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a4de93fd2ea289ef62838b2https://doi.org/10.3390/life16071120
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Post-stroke spasticity: follow-up and functional implications of chronic long-term treatment with botulinum toxin2024 · 3 citations
  2. 2The Complex Role of Botulinum Toxin in Enhancing Goal Achievement for Post-Stroke Patients2024 · 8 citations
  3. 3Special Issue: The Actin-Myosin Interaction in Muscle: Background and Overview2019 · 100 citations
  4. 4Validity and reliability of myotonometry for assessing muscle viscoelastic properties in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis2021 · 60 citations
  5. 5Shear Wave Velocity to Evaluate the Effect of Botulinum Toxin on Post-Stroke Spasticity of the Lower Limb2022 · 9 citations