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July 13, 2026International Journal of OncologyOpen Access

TGF‑β1 in cancer: From tumour suppressor to promoter, molecular mechanisms, and precision therapeutic strategies (Review)

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Authors

CHChao Huang

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Overview

Review explores TGF-β1's transition from tumour suppressor to promoter in cancer, indicating complex therapeutic implications.

Key Points

  • This review aims to elucidate the dual role of TGF-β1 in cancer progression and its molecular mechanisms.
  • Systematic analysis of TGF-β1's mechanisms as both a tumour suppressor and promoter.
  • Review of therapeutic strategies, including monoclonal antibodies and immunotherapies.
  • Evaluation of spatiotemporal aspects of TGF-β1 signaling in primary and metastatic tumors.
  • TGF-β1 induces tumour invasion and metastasis via multiple pathways including SMAD mutations.
  • Combination therapies, like anti-PD-1, may improve effectiveness against TGF-β1-related cancer progression.
  • Precision strategies should consider timing, cell type differences, and signalling variation to optimize treatments.

Cite This Study

Chao Huang (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a547ff4475c38bf615a5358https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5914
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