Laser Rayleigh scattering

Rayleigh scattering is a powerful diagnostic tool for the study of gases and is particularly useful for aiding in the understanding of complex flow fields and combustion phenomena. Although the mechanism associated with the scattering, induced electric dipole radiation, is conceptually straightforward, the features of the scattering are complex because of the anisotropy of molecules, collective scattering from many molecules and inelastic scattering associated with rotational and vibrational transitions. These effects cause the scattered signal to be depolarized and to have spectral features that reflect the pressure, temperature and internal energy states of the gas. The very small scattering cross section makes molecular Rayleigh scattering particularly susceptible to background interference. Scattering from very small particles also falls into the Rayleigh range and may dominate the scattering from molecules if the particle density is high. This particle scattering can be used to enhance flow visualization and velocity measurements, or it may be removed by spectral filtering. New approaches to spectral filtering are now being applied to both Rayleigh molecular scattering and Rayleigh particle scattering to extract quantitative information about complex gas flow fields. This paper outlines the classical properties of Rayleigh scattering and reviews some of the new advances in flow field imaging that have been achieved using the new filter approaches.