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Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic systems. Traditionally, PCBs were manufactured using subtractive methods that consume a significant amount of energy, generate toxic waste, and limit flexibility. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, particularly conductive ink-based 3D printing, are revolutionizing PCB production by integrating electronic functions into complex shapes while minimizing material waste and streamlining assembly. New developments in conductive inks have greatly enhanced conductivity, adhesion, and mechanical strength. Simultaneously, improvements in printing methods like extrusion, inkjet, and aerosol jet have increased precision, resolution, and the ability to use multiple materials. Sustainability is also important, with eco-friendly ink formulas, energy-efficient printing methods, and less electronic waste leading to better production practices. This review discusses the current problems in 3D-printed PCB production. In addition, connecting these advancements to Industry 5.0 goals and sustainability will be essential for achieving smart, eco-friendly, and application-specific PCB manufacturing.
Chavan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.