Antiatherosclerotic Phenotype of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Surrounding the Saphenous Vein in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Figures

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  Figure 1. Adipocyte sizes in fat pads. A, Representative hematoxylin‐eosin (H‐E) staining of perivascular adipose tissue surrounding the saphenous vein (SV‐PVAT), that surrounding the internal thoracic artery (ITA‐PVAT), that surrounding the coronary artery (CA‐PVAT), and that surrounding the aorta (Ao‐PVAT). Bar=100 µm. B, Comparison of adipocyte sizes in SV‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, CA‐PVAT, and Ao‐PVAT of patients (n=48). Results are shown as means±SD. *P<0.05 vs SV‐PVAT.

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  Figure 2. Fibrosis in fat pads. A, Representative Masson trichrome (MT) staining of perivascular adipose tissue surrounding the saphenous vein (SV‐PVAT), that surrounding the internal thoracic artery (ITA‐PVAT), that surrounding the coronary artery (CA‐PVAT), and that surrounding the aorta (Ao‐PVAT). Bar=200 µm. B, Fibrosis areas in SV‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, CA‐PVAT, and Ao‐PVAT of patients (n=28). Results are shown as means±SD. C, Gene expression levels of fibrosis‐related molecules, including transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), platelet‐derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB), and macrophage‐inducible C‐type lectin (MINCLE), in SV‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, CA‐PVAT, and Ao‐PVAT. Results are shown as relative expression of each target gene in SV‐PVAT of each patient (n=48) and as means±SEM for quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction data. AU indicates arbitrary unit. *P<0.05 vs SV‐PVAT, † P<0.05 vs ITA‐PVAT, ‡ P<0.05 vs CA‐PVAT.

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  Figure 3. Macrophage infiltration in fat pads. A, Representative immunohistological staining, including cluster of differentiation (CD) 68 (a marker of macrophages), CD11c (a marker of M1 macrophages), and CD206 (a marker of M2 macrophages), of perivascular adipose tissue surrounding the saphenous vein (SV‐PVAT), that surrounding the internal thoracic artery (ITA‐PVAT), that surrounding the coronary artery (CA‐PVAT), and that surrounding the aorta (Ao‐PVAT). Bar=100 µm. B through D, Positive areas of immunohistological staining of CD68, CD11c, and CD206 in SV‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, CA‐PVAT, and Ao‐PVAT of patients (n=28). E, Ratios of the macrophage infiltration areas of CD11c/CD206 in SV‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, CA‐PVAT, and Ao‐PVAT. Results are shown as means±SD. *P<0.05 vs SV‐PVAT, † P<0.05 vs ITA‐PVAT, ‡ P<0.05 vs CA‐PVAT.

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  Figure 4. Metaflammation in fat pads. A, Gene expression levels of cluster of differentiation (CD) 68, a marker of macrophages, CD11c, a marker of M1 macrophages, and M2‐polarized state‐related molecules, including CD163, CD206, and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), in perivascular adipose tissue surrounding the saphenous vein (SV‐PVAT), that surrounding the internal thoracic artery (ITA‐PVAT), that surrounding the coronary artery (CA‐PVAT), and that surrounding the aorta (Ao‐PVAT). B, Gene expression levels of adiponectin and inflammatory molecules, including MCP‐1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), in SV‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, CA‐PVAT, and Ao‐PVAT. C, Gene expression levels of inflammasome‐related molecules, including nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine‐rich–containing family, pyrin domain–containing‐3 (NLRP3) and ASC (apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing caspase recruitment domain), and endoplasmic reticulum stress‐related molecules, including GRP78 (glucose‐regulated protein 78) and CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), in SV‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, CA‐PVAT, and Ao‐PVAT. Results are shown as relative expression of…

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  Figure 5. Adipocyte developmental and pattern‐forming factors in fat pads. A through C, Gene expression levels of adipocyte developmental and pattern‐forming factors, including engrailed homeobox 1 (EN1) (A), empty spiracles homeobox 2 (EMX2) (B), and homeobox A5 (HOXA5) (C), in perivascular adipose tissue surrounding the saphenous vein (SV‐PVAT), that surrounding the internal thoracic artery (ITA‐PVAT), that surrounding the coronary artery (CA‐PVAT), and that surrounding the aorta (Ao‐PVAT). Results are shown as relative expression of each target gene in SV‐PVAT of each patient (n=48) and as means±SEM for quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction data. AU indicates arbitrary unit. *P<0.05 vs SV‐PVAT, † P<0.05 vs ITA‐PVAT, ‡ P<0.05 vs CA‐PVAT.