The effect of curcumin on blood pressure and cognitive impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Effect of curcumin on systolic (left) and diastolic blood pressure (right) in spontaneously hypertensive rat. The data showed mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured on days 0, 15, and 29 of the experiment. Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences among groups as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). CON, control; SCO, scopolamine (1 mg/kg); TAC, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + tacrine (10 mg/kg); CUR100, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (100 mg/kg); CUR200, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg); NS, not significant.

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  Fig. 2. Effect of curcumin on alternation behavior (left) and the total number of arm entries (right) of Y-maze test in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Alternation behavior (%) (right) was calculated as follows: Alternation behavior (%) = total number of alternations/(total number of arm entries – 2) × 100. Total number of arm entries (left) under the same experimental condition. Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences among groups as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). CON, control; SCO, scopolamine (1 mg/kg); TAC, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + tacrine (10 mg/kg); CUR100, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (100 mg/kg); CUR200, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg); NS, not significant.

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  Fig. 3. Effect of curcumin on latency time of passive avoidance test in spontaneously hypertensive rat. The data represent mean latency time(s). Total number of arm entries under the same experimental condition. Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences among groups as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). CON, control; SCO, scopolamine (1 mg/kg); TAC, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + tacrine (10 mg/kg); CUR100, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (100 mg/kg); CUR200, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg).

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  Fig. 4. Effect of curcumin on Angiotensin II content (left) and on the mRNA expression of angiotensin II receptor (right) in brain. Angiotensin II content was determined by using an assay kit (left). The total RNA was isolated and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed (right) and GADPH level was used as the loading control Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences among groups as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). CON, control; SCO, scopolamine (1 mg/kg); TAC, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + tacrine (10 mg/kg); CUR100, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (100 mg/kg); CUR200, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg).

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  Fig. 5. Effect of curcumin on the mRNA expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the brain. Total RNA was isolated and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. GADPH levels were used as the loading control. Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences among groups as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). CON, control; SCO, scopolamine (1 mg/kg); TAC, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + tacrine (10 mg/kg); CUR100, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (100 mg/kg); CUR200, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg).

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  Fig. 6. Effect of curcumin on acetylcholine content in brain. Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences among groups as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). CON, control; SCO, scopolamine (1 mg/kg); TAC, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + tacrine (10 mg/kg); CUR100, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (100 mg/kg); CUR200, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg).

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  Fig. 7. Effect of curcumin on the mRNA expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type I (left) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type II (right) in the brain. Total RNA was isolated and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. GADPH levels served as the loading control. Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences among groups as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). CON, control; SCO, scopolamine (1 mg/kg); TAC, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + tacrine (10 mg/kg); CUR100, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (100 mg/kg); CUR200, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) + curcumin (200 mg/kg).