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The measured energy diagram for inverted cell architectures for perovskite photovoltaic devices is presented. Band offsets are determined in direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy. The perovskite films assume a slightly p-type characteristic on top of NiO and show good energetic alignment to adjacent organic electron transport layers. The finding explains the function of inverted devices and gives guidelines for optimization.
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Schulz et al. (2015) studied this question.
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