β Adrenergic blockers lower renin in patients treated with ACE inhibitors and diuretics

728 individuals from a population-based sample (MONICA survey, Augsburg, Germany), including 171 treated for hypertension (75%), coronary artery disease with (12%) or without (3%) hypertension, or unknown indications (10%), and 557 untreated individuals.

Beta-blocker therapy (alone or in combination with ACE inhibitors and/or diuretics)

ACE inhibitors, diuretics, or both without beta-blockers, or no treatment

Plasma renin concentrationssurrogate