Distributed energy resources (DERs) are unlocking new opportunities, and the grid is undergoing a dramatic transformation with unprecedented change. Yet as DERs continue to grow in North America and around the world, it is apparent that the aggregate amount of them is having an impact on bulk power system (BPS) planning and operation. The effects of DERs can be attributed to the uncertainty, variability, and lack of visibility of these resources at the BPS level.
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Quint et al. (2019) studied this question.