Key result
Pharmacological management of heart failure involves multiple drug classes including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, ARNIs, beta blockers, MRAs, diuretics, digoxin, ivabradine, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
Why the study?
Heart failure is an important cardiovascular disease characterized by increasing prevalence, significant morbidity, high mortality, and rapidly expanding health care cost.
This review summarizes the pathophysiology of heart failure and outlines the standard pharmacological therapies used in its management.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Supports multifaceted HF drug therapy; leaves open optimal sequencing and personalization in trials.
Heart failure (HF) is an important cardiovascular disease because of its increasing prevalence, significant morbidity, high mortality, and rapidly expanding health care cost. Heart failure is caused by structural and/or functional cardiac defects resulting in decreased cardiac production, characterized by distinct symptoms and signs. Ischemic heart disorders, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are among the most common causes of heart failure. Heart failure patients typically experience dyspnea, fluid retention and intolerance to exercise. To counteract deleterious effects of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms are established. These compensatory mechanisms include frank-starling mechanism, increasing ventricular wall thickness and neurohormonal activation. Initially, these compensatory mechanisms improve heart failure condition but with time these compensatory mechanisms lead to deterioration of heart failure. Drugs used in management of heart failure include Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), diuretics, digoxin, ivabradine and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
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Elrefaei et al. (2022) conducted a review in Heart failure. Pharmacological management of heart failure involves multiple drug classes including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, ARNIs, beta blockers, MRAs, diuretics, digoxin, ivabradine, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
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