Why the study?
Does habitual smokeless tobacco use or smoking increase diurnal blood pressure and heart rate in healthy, normotensive, middle-aged men compared to nonusers?
Population
135 healthy, normotensive, middle-aged (35 to 60 years) men, with no antihypertensive medication
Comparison
Habitual smokeless tobacco use or smoking vs Nonusers of tobacco (n=59)
Design
Cross-sectional
Authors
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Tobacco-associated heart rate elevations should not yet change practice; leaves open causal cardiovascular effects in normotensive men.
Does habitual smokeless tobacco use or smoking increase diurnal blood pressure and heart rate in healthy, normotensive, middle-aged men compared to nonusers?
Both smokeless tobacco use and smoking are associated with elevated daytime ambulatory heart rate and diastolic blood pressure in healthy middle-aged men.
Bolinder et al. (1998) studied this question.
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