Reduction of Cardiovascular Events and Related Healthcare Expenditures through Achieving Population-Level Targets of Dietary Salt Intake in Japan: A Simulation Model Based on the National Health and Nutrition Survey

Figures

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  Figure 1. State-transition diagram of the Markov model. Ovals represent the six health states. Direct arrows represent directions of transitions of the cohort between health states. Circular arrows indicate the cohort remaining in each health state. Each arrow has a transition probability. IHD, ischemic heart disease.

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  Figure 2. Projected cumulative totals of incident cases from ischemic heart disease and stroke prevented by reducing mean dietary salt intake to 8 g/day, <6 g/day, and <5 g/day between the years 2019 and 2029 in a closed cohort of population aged 40–79 years in 2019.

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  Figure 3. Projected cumulative prevented deaths from ischemic heart disease and stroke by reducing mean dietary salt intake to 8 g/day, <6 g/day, and <5 g/day between the years 2019 and 2029 in a closed cohort of population aged 40–79 years in 2019.

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  Figure 4. Projected cumulative total savings of national healthcare expenditures for IHD and stroke by reducing mean dietary salt intake to 8 g/day, <6 g/day, and <5 g/day between the years 2019 and 2029 compared with the base-case scenario in a closed cohort of population aged 40–79 years in 2019. IHD, ischemic heart disease.

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  Figure 5. Results of the one-way sensitivity analyses of key input parameters on projected cumulative savings of national healthcare expenditures for IHD and stroke by reducing mean dietary salt intake to 8 g/day (A), <6 g/day (B), and <5 g/day (C) between the years 2019 and 2029 in a closed cohort of population aged 40–79 years in 2019. Blue, men; red, women. Range plots with spikes indicate uncertainty ranges. Dashed lines indicate expected values. IHD, ischemic heart disease; RR, relative risk, SBP: systolic blood pressure.