Primary Adrenal Lymphoma as a Rare Cause of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Challenges in Management and a Review of the Literature

Background/Objective: Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is an aggressive form of lymphoma associated with adrenal insufficiency (AI) in most cases. It requires a histologic confirmation unlike other cases of primary AI. Case Report: We report a case of a 66-year-old man who presented with AI with symptomatic hypotension and hypo-osmolar hyponatremia. Ultrasound and computed tomography scans revealed bilateral bulky adrenal masses that were avid on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan. The diagnosis of PAL was confirmed with adrenal biopsy. He was treated with rituximab-based chemotherapy, which was complicated by several endocrine challenges, including worsening diabetes, multiple adrenal crises, prolonged hyponatremia, and refractory hypokalemia requiring spironolactone. He eventually developed central nervous system disease and was treated with palliative intent. Discussion: AI in the setting of PAL can constitute both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including significant electrolyte imbalances as discussed in this case report. Conclusion: It is important to have a high suspicion for PAL, especially in the presence of bilateral adrenal masses and AI. Early adrenal biopsy is required for diagnosis. Multidisciplinary care is vital to manage complications that arise during the disease course and treatment.