Numerical simulations of patient-specific models with multiple plaques in human peripheral artery: a fluid-structure interaction analysis

Figures

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  Fig. 1. CT scans of the patient’s lower limb in axial view. (a) A CT scan of the patient’s lower limb. (b) A profile of the left femoral artery lumen with calcified plaque, marked by a red line. (c) A profile of the left femoral artery lumen without plaque, marked by a red line

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  Fig. 2. Three-dimensional structure-fluid geometry of left femoral artery. (a) The lumen geometry, the dashed line represents the location of a sweep contour shown in Fig. 2b. (b) The sweeping contour of a healthy lumen area (solid white line). (c) The 3D geometry of lipid plaque and lumen. (d) The 3D geometry of the artery wall, calcified and lipid plaques

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  Fig. 3. Reconstructed uniaxial Cauchy stress–stretch ratio behaviour of femoral artery and plaques (Prendergast et al. 2003; Cunnane et al. 2015a, b). (a) The Cauchy stress–stretch ratio behaviour of femoral artery; (b) The Cauchy stress–stretch ratio behaviour of calcified and lipid plaques

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  Fig. 4. Reconstructed time-dependent boundary conditions waveform (Olufsen et al. 2000). (a) Inlet velocity waveform and (b) outlet pressure waveform

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  Fig. 5. Velocity contours and streamlines in three models at various time. (a), (d), (g), (i) Velocity contours and streamlines of calcification-only model at time 0.16 s, 0.23 s, 0.4 s and 0.6 s; (b), (e), (h), (k) velocity contours and streamlines of lipid-only model at time 0.16 s, 0.23 s, 0.4 s and 0.6 s; (c), (f), (i), (l) velocity contours and streamlines of calcification-lipid model at time 0.16 s, 0.23 s, 0.4 s and 0.6 s

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  Fig. 6. WSS results in three models. (a) WSS distribution in calcification-only model, lipid-only model and calcification-lipid model at peak systole, respectively; (b)–(f) Time evolutions of WSS on p1–p5 (shown in Fig. 4a) in calcification-only model, lipid-only model and calcification-lipid model

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  Fig. 7. Time evolutions of blood pressure on p1 and p2 in three models. (a) Time evolutions of blood pressure on p1 in lipid-only model and calcification-lipid model; (b) time evolutions of blood pressure on p2 in calcification-only model and calcification-lipid model

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  Fig. 8. VMS distribution in three models at peak systole. (a), (b) VMS distribution of artery and calcified plaque in calcification-only model; (c), (d) VMS distribution of artery and lipid plaque in lipid-only model; (e), (f), (g) VMS distribution of artery, calcified plaque and lipid plaque in calcification-lipid model

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  Fig. 9. Time evolutions of MVMS over the calcified and lipid plaques in three models. (a) Time evolutions of MVMS over calcified plaque in calcification-only model and calcification-lipid model; (b) The time evolutions of MVMS over lipid plaque in lipid-only model and calcification-lipid model