Phylogenetic Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from Cattle in Nigeria, 2017–2020

Figures

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  Figure 1. Geographical distribution of FMDV in Nigeria from 2017 to 2020. (A). FMDV O and SAT2 serotype distribution in 2017 and 2018. (B). FMDV A and SAT2 serotype distribution in 2019. (C). FMDV O, A and SAT2 serotype distribution in 2020. FMDV O serotype regions are outlined in red, FMDV A serotype regions are outlined in blue, FMDV SAT2 regions are outlined in purple. Original map source: Nations Online Project (Administrative Map of Nigeria—Nations Online Project, https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/nigeria-administrative-map.htm accessed on 12 June 2026).

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  Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of FMDV serotype A sequences from 2017 to 2020 detected in cattle from Nigeria. The evolutionary tree for VP 1 nucleotide sequences was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method and computed using the General Time Reversible model with discrete Gamma distribution and Invariable sites (GTR+G+I) model with MEGA12. The robustness of the phylogenetic tree was assessed with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The blue circles are sequences generated from the samples from this paper.

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  Figure 3. Phylogenetic Analysis of FMDV Serotype O sequences from 2017 to 2020 detected in cattle from Nigeria. The evolutionary tree for VP 1 nucleotide sequences was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method and computed using the GTR+G+I model with MEGA12. The robustness of the phylogenetic tree was assessed with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The red circles are sequences generated from the samples from this paper.

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  Figure 4. Phylogenetic analysis of FMDV SAT2 sequences from 2017 to 2020 detected in cattle from Nigeria. The evolutionary tree for VP 1 nucleotide sequences was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method and computed using the Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano (HKY+G+I) model with MEGA12. The robustness of the phylogenetic tree was assessed with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The purple circles are sequences generated from the samples from this paper.