Are Circulating Type 2 Vaccine-derived Polioviruses (VDPVs) Genetically Distinguishable from Immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs?

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Heatmap for VP1 NT usage. (A) Heatmap color shows the frequency of VP1 nucleotides from position 1 to position 903 (horizontal axis) in a multiple alignment. The vertical axis represents nucleotides and VPVD category (c or i). The scale is from 0 to 1. (B) The frequency difference between cVDPV2 and iVDPV2 (scaled between − 0.7 and 0.7); red vertical lines represent usage of a particular nucleotide that is more utilized in iVDPV2 than cVDPV2 in a particular position, and vice versa for green lines.

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  Fig. 2. VP1 region analysis of cVDPV2 and iVDPV2 sequence relationships by plotting amino acid sequence identity vs nucleotide sequence identity for all pairs of sequences (576 cVDPV2 and 21 for iVDPV2). Red circles represent iVDPV2 pair-wise comparisons; green circles represent cVDPV2 pair-wise comparisons.

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  Fig. 3. Numbers of NT and AA substitutions in (A) all sites and (B) antigenic sites. Jitter plots were used to prevent overlapping data points in the figure. Distribution of NT substitutions in all sites (A) and antigenic sites (B). The upper horizontal axis represents specific amino acid substitutions groups: VDPV2 sequences in the group labeled “1” have one AA substitution, and VDPV2 sequences in the group labeled “2” have two AA substitutions, etc. Category “c” and “i” on lower horizontal axis represent cVDPV2 and iVDPV2, respectively. The vertical axis represents nucleotide substitution numbers for specific amino acid substitutions groups for either cVDPV2s or iVDPV2s.

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  Fig. 4. Transitions and transversions. The horizontal axis represents VP1 nucleotide position from position 1 to position 903. The vertical axis represents all possible transitions (in black) and transversions (in red) substitutions. For example, “A–G” means that this position in Sabin 2 is an “A” and is substituted with “G” in at least one VDPV2 in the dataset. (A) Yellow triangles represent the substitution observed in both cVDPV2s and iVDPV2s at the position. (B) Green circles represent substitutions which are uniquely observed in cVDPV2s. (C) Red circles represent substitutions which are uniquely observed in iVDPV2s.