Three‐dimensional echocardiography to identify right ventricular dilatation in patients with corrected Fallot anomaly or pulmonary stenosis

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Flow chart. PS, pulmonary stenosis; ToF, tetralogy of Fallot; DCRV, double‐chamber right ventricle

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  FIGURE 2. Longitudinal echocardiographic strain analysis of the right ventricle. Longitudinal Strain analysis of the right ventricle (RV). In the first step, the user sets the points in the posterior and septal RV wall at the level of the tricuspid valve and in the RV apex starting the tracking of the RV endocardial border in the apical four‐chamber view (A4CH) (left top). The strain curves are generated by the software (right top). After approval of the endocardial tracking by the user, peak systolic strain values are displayed for all six RV segments and for global systolic RV strain (left bottom). AVC, aortic valve closure

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  FIGURE 3. (a) Three‐dimensional echocardiographic analysis of the right ventricle. Three‐dimensional analysis of the right ventricle (RV), orientation and anatomic landmarks. In the first step, the user sets the left (top) and right (bottom) ventricular long axes in the apical four‐chamber view (A4CH) (A), apical two‐chamber view (A2CH) (B) at end‐diastole and the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter is marked in the apical three chamber (A3CH) view (C, top). Than anterior (AJL, Anterior junction line) and posterior (PJL, posterior junction line) junctions of the right ventricular free wall with the interventricular septum, as well as the longest dimension of the right ventricular cavity between the septum and the free wall are set, both in a single short‐axis (SAX) view (C, bottom). AV aortic valve annulus; LV left ventricle; MV mitral valve; PJL posterior junction line; AJL anterior junction; TV tricuspid valve. (b) Three‐dimensional echocardiographic analysis of RV volume with TOMTEC. The software algorithm analyses the data and adapts the 3D model based on input information from the position of the requested anatomical landmarks. EDV, end‐diastolic volume; ESV, end‐systolic…

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  FIGURE 4. (a) Linear regression, correlation between RVEDV measured by CMR and 3DEcho. (b) Bland–Altman plots, agreement between CMR and 3DEcho for RVEDV

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  FIGURE 5. (a) Linear regression, correlation between RVEDVi measured by CMR and 3DEcho. (b) Bland–Altman plots, agreement between CMR and 3D Echo for RVEDVi

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  FIGURE 6. (a) Linear regression, intraobserver correlation, for RVEDV measured with 3DEcho. (b) Bland–Altman plots, intraobserver variability for RVEDV measured with 3DEcho

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  FIGURE 7. (a) Linear regression for RVEF between 3DEcho and CMR. (b) Bland–Altman plots, agreement between CMR and 3D Echo for RVEF

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  FIGURE 8. (a) Linear regression, intraobserver correlation for RVEF with 3DEcho. (b) Bland–Altman plots, intraobserver variability for RVEF measured with 3DEcho. 3DEcho Three‐dimensional echocardiography, RV, Right ventricle, EDV, End‐diastolic volume, EDVi, End‐diastolic volume indexed, EF, ejection fraction, CMR, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance