Highlighting the novel effects of high-intensity interval training on some histopathological and molecular indices in the heart of type 2 diabetic rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Schematic view training protocol and heart tissue extraction.

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  Figure 2. Weight comparison of different groups of rats participating in different stages of the training protocol. *Significant difference between diabetes control and diabetes training groups with healthy control and healthy training groups in the stage before STZ injection; **Significant difference between the diabetes control and diabetes training groups with the healthy control and healthy training groups at the stage of one week after STZ injection; #Significant difference between the diabetes control group and other groups in the phase after the end of the exercise; The significance level is p<0.05.

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  Figure 3. Blood glucose comparison of different groups of rats in different stages of the training protocol. *Significant difference in blood glucose in diabetes control and diabetes training groups with healthy control and healthy training groups at the stage of one week after STZ injection; **Significant difference between diabetes training group and other groups after the end of exercise; The significance level is p<0.05.

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  Figure 4. The results of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained cardiac tissue. (A) Longitudinal section, (B) cross-section, images represent ×40 magnification and scale bars represent 10 μm. (C) Purkinje cells (fibers) and (D) Collagen area around the arterial vessels, images represent ×10 magnification and scale bars represent 50 μm. (E) Diagram of cardio myocyte cross-sectional area. *Significant difference with all groups (P<0.05). **Significant difference with all groups (P<0.001). #Significant difference with diabetic control and healthy control groups (P<0.05). (F) Diagram of Purkinje cells (fibers), *Significant difference with diabetes control and diabetes training groups in Purkinje number cells and significant difference with diabetes control groups in Purkinje cell length and Purkinje cell width (P<0.001). **Significant difference with all groups (P<0.001). #Significant difference in diabetes training groups with all groups (P<0.001). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.

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  Figure 5. (A) The results of PAS staining of rat heart tissue in diabetic and non-diabetic groups following HIIT exercises to investigate the area of cardiac tissue fibrosis. (B) Diagram of cardiac tissue fibrosis. *Significant difference with diabetes control and diabetes training groups (P<0.001). All images represent ×10 magnification and scale bars represent 50 μm. **Significant difference with all groups (P<0.001). #Significant difference with all groups (P<0.05). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.

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  Figure 6. (A) The results of Masson’s trichrome staining of rat heart tissue in diabetic and non-diabetic groups following HIIT exercises to investigate the area of cardiac tissue fibrosis. (B) Collagen area around the arterial vessels. All images represent ×10 magnification and scale bars represent 50 μm.

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  Figure 7. Investigating the apoptosis values of cardiac myocytes of rats in diabetic and non-diabetic groups following HIIT. Green dots show TUNEL positive cells. Fluorescent microscope images represent ×200 magnification.

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  Figure 8. Evaluation of proteins content using western blot method. (A) The expression of B-catenin, C-myc, GSK3b and Bcl-2 proteins in the heart tissue of rats in different groups. (B–E) The relative ratio of proteins to HPRT levels were determined by image J. *Significant difference in Diabetes Control group with Healthy Control group (P<0.001). **Significant difference in Healthy Training group with all groups in Bcl-2 and GSK3β proteins and significant difference with Diabetes Control and Diabetes Training in B-catenin and C-myc proteins (P<0.05). #Significant difference in Diabetes Training group with all groups in B-catenin, C-myc and Bcl-2 proteins and significant difference with Health Control and Healthy Training in GSK3β protein (P<0.05). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.

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  Figure 9. SOD and MDA changes in different groups. *Significant difference in Diabetes Control group with all groups (P<0.001). #Significant difference in Healthy Training group with all groups (P<0.001). **Significant difference in Diabetes Training group with Diabetes Control group (P<0.05). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.