Muscle creatine kinase sequence elements regulating skeletal and cardiac muscle expression in transgenic mice.

Muscle creatine kinase (MCK) is expressed at high levels only in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Previous in vitro transfection studies of skeletal muscle myoblasts and fibroblasts had identified two MCK enhancer elements and one proximal promoter element, each of which exhibited expression only in differentiated skeletal muscle. In this study, we have identified several regions of the mouse MCK gene that are responsible for tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice. A fusion gene containing 3,300 nucleotides of MCK 5' sequence exhibited chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity levels that were more than 10(4)-fold higher in skeletal muscle than in other, nonmuscle tissues such as kidney, liver, and spleen. Expression in cardiac muscle was also greater than in these nonmuscle tissues by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Progressive 5' deletions from nucleotide -3300 resulted in reduced expression of the transgene, and one of these resulted in a preferential decrease in expression in cardiac tissue relative to that in skeletal muscle. Of the two enhancer sequences analyzed, only one directed high-level expression in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The other enhancer activated expression only in skeletal muscle. These data reveal a complex set of cis-acting sequences that have differential effects on MCK expression in skeletal and cardiac muscle.