Population
Supine, anesthetized dogs with an open chest
Comparison
Major vessel occlusion method and augmentation… vs Resting state
Design
Preclinical
Authors
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Does not support clinical changes in sympathetic tone management; leaves open translation of venous gradient effects to human hemodynamics.
The venous system actively regulates venous return through changes in the intra-venous pressure gradient mediated by sympathetic tone, serving as a buffer against sudden changes in arterial flow.
Herbert J. Bartelstone (1960) studied this question.
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