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Chronic kidney disease leads to significant cardiovascular changes, notably left ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling, which can be evaluated using echocardiography.
According to the International Society of Nephrology and the Taiwan Society of Nephrology, Taiwan has one of the highest incidences and the highest prevalence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the world, earning the stigma "the island of dialysis".Chronic kidney disease is prevalent in the older population and patients with hypertension, diabetes, and other non-traditional risk factors.As the result, chronic kidney disease patients are likely to be confused with patients suffering from cardiovascular disease.The cardiovascular system changes with deterioration in renal function.First, retention of excessive sodium and water not only increases cardiac output, but it also activates sympathetic nerves that increase peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure.Heightened blood pressure and fluid overload further burden the heart.Complications of chronic kidney disease, including anemia, metabolic acidosis, high calcium-phosphate product, hyperparathyroidism, chronic inflammation, and hyperhomocysteinemia can cause endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disorders including left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and myocardial remodeling.These complications can lead to heart failure, other cardiovascular diseases, and eventually death.
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Kuo‐Chun Hung (2015) studied this question.
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