Analgesics and ENT surgery. A clinical comparison of the intraoperative, recovery and postoperative effects of buprenorphine, diclofenac, fentanyl, morphine, nalbuphine, pethidine and placebo given intravenously with induction of anaesthesia.

374 patients undergoing routine ENT surgery

Buprenorphine (3.0 to 4.5 micrograms kg-1), diclofenac (1 mg kg-1), fentanyl (1.5 to 2.0 micrograms kg-1), morphine (0.1 to 0.15 mg kg-1), nalbuphine (0.1 to 0.15 mg kg-1), or pethidine (1.0 to 1.5 mg kg-1) given intravenously with induction of anaesthesia

Saline (as control) given intravenously with induction of anaesthesia

Intraoperative, recovery and postoperative effects (including heart rate, blood pressure, airway pressure, intraocular pressure, time to extubation, respiratory depression, somnolence, analgesia, and emesis rate)