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August 9, 2026Scandinavian Journal of PsychologyOpen Access

What Makes Adolescents Defend Others Against Cyberhate? Insights From the Normative Social Behavior, Social Learning, and Planned Behavior Theories

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Authors

OJOlga Jiménez-DíazEEEsperanza EspinoRRRosario Del Rey

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Overview

Randomized trial examines factors influencing adolescents' defense against cyberhate, suggesting strategies for positive engagement.

Key Points

  • This study investigates what influences adolescents to defend others against cyberhate based on theoretical frameworks.
  • Analyzed data from a self-reported survey of 2539 Spanish secondary school students aged 11-18.
  • Utilized structural equation modeling to assess the relationship between theoretical factors and defensive behaviors.
  • Controlled for gender and age in the analysis.
  • All three theoretical models explained significant variance in defensive behaviors, with up to 50.8% explained.
  • Key influencing factors included subjective norms and perceived self-efficacy.
  • Younger students and girls showed higher rates of defensive reactions.

Cite This Study

Jiménez-Díaz et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a782d3b2e1896536c84019fhttps://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.70137
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Understanding bystanders’ behaviour to cyberhate: An explanatory approach from the theory of normative social behaviour2025
  2. 2Understanding Bystanders’ Reactions to Cyberbullying: An Approach From the Theory of Normative Social Behavior2026 · 1 citations
  3. 3What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks2026
  4. 4Reactions of adolescent cyber bystanders toward different victims of cyberbullying: the role of parental rearing behaviors2024 · 5 citations
  5. 5The power of values in adolescent bystander reactions to cyberbullying2026