Fluid–structure interactions (FSI) based study of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) uptake in the left coronary artery

Figures

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  Figure 1. Reconstruction of 3D human left coronary artery. (a) Reconstructed human left coronary artery from the original CT coronary data of a 54-year-old male patient. LMA left main coronary artery, LAD left anterior descending artery, LCX left circumflex artery, D1 first diagonal branch of the LAD, OM left obtuse marginal branch. (b) Meshes of blood-phase & arterial wall of human left coronary artery.

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  Figure 2. Pulsatile blood flow in human left coronary arteries. (a) A pulsatile inlet flow profile of the LMA. (b) Pulsatile outlet flow profiles of four coronary branch ends for the five simulation cases. Inserts are the pulsatile outlet flow profiles of the LAD. Case 1, Case 2, Case 3, and Case 4 respectively represent the condition of rigid wall, blood viscosity, blood pressure, wall thickness. Control represent the healthy condition.

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  Figure 3. Streamlines and velocity profiles during the cardiac cycle for the five simulation cases. The marked points T1–T6 (a–f), respectively denote end-diastole, early-systole, peak-systole, end-systole, early-diastole, mid-diastole.

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  Figure 4. Wall shear stress distributions during the cardiac cycle for the five simulations. (a–f), respectively, represent the period of end-diastole, early-systole, peak-systole, end-systole, early-diastole, mid-diastole.

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  Figure 5. Wall shear stress-based hemodynamic indicators distributions for the five simulations. (a) The distribution of time-averaged wall shear stress. (b) The distribution of oscillatory shear index. (c) The distribution of relative residence time. (d) The distribution of time-averaged wall shear stress gradient. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$TAWSS$$\end{document}TAWSS time-averaged wall shear stress, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$OSI$$\end{document}OSI oscillatory shear index, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$RRT$$\end{document}RRT relative residence time, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}…

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  Figure 6. Three-pore model related indicators for the five simulations. (a) The distribution of the fraction of leaky junctions on endothelium (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${ \varnothing }$$\end{document}∅) of human left coronary arteries. (b) The distribution of total plasma volume flux (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{J}}_{\text{v}}$$\end{document}Jv) through the endothelium. (c) The distribution of total mass flux of LDL (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{J}}_{\text{s}}$$\end{document}Js).

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  Figure 7. Comparison of the three-pore model related indicators for the five simulations. (a,b) respectively represent the percentage difference of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{J}}_{\text{v}}$$\end{document}Jv (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{J}}_{\text{v}}^{{ {\prime}}}$$\end{document}Jv′) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{J}}_{\text{s}}$$\end{document}Js (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}…