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The distribution of observed energies for gamma-ray bursts with known redshifts can be explained as a consequence of events releasing a standard energy of E 0=5×1051 erg. Two situations are possible: the degree of collimation could vary from burst to burst, or there could be a universal radiation pattern for all bursts, with the observed differences being due to differences in the orientation of this pattern relative to the line of sight to the Earth.
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Lipunov et al. (2001) studied this question.
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