Apelin is an endogenous ligand for apelin receptor (APLNR), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). This peptide is derived from a 77aa long pre-proapelin. Upon cleavage by different peptidases, several isoforms that bind to the receptor with different strength and downstream effects are created. Many cellular processes that are regulated by the apelinergic system have been discovered – neural and immune functions, blood pressure regulation, fluid homeostasis, hormonal release, cellular proliferation, etc. Additional research has been also made to elucidate the role of the system in pathological conditions affecting the brain and the peripheral organs. In this review, we summarise the distribution of the apelinergic system components in the mammalian organism. We also include a comparative analysis between three different species - human (Homo sapiens), mouse (Mus mus-culus), and rat (Rattus norvegicus).
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Ivanov et al. (2023) studied this question.
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