Vigorous physical activity, incident heart disease, and cancer: how little is enough?

Figures

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  Figure 1. Adjusted absolute risk estimates for mortality and disease incidence by vigorous physical activity volume (minutes/week). Adjusted for age, sex, wear time, light intensity, moderate intensity, frequency of vigorous bouts, smoking history, alcohol consumption, sleep score, diet, discretionary screen-time, education, self-reported parental history of CVD and cancer, and self-reported medication use (cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes). The range was capped at the 97.5 percentile to minimize the influence of sparse data. Mortality: n = 71 893; events: all-cause = 1,927, cardiovascular disease = 602, cancer = 1150. Cardiovascular disease: n = 71,049, events = 4567. Cancer: n = 71,070, events = 2854.

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  Figure 2. Adjusted 5-year risk for mortality and disease incidence by vigorous physical activity volume groups. Timescale was follow-up years. Adjusted for age, sex, wear time, light intensity, moderate intensity, frequency of vigorous bouts, smoking history, alcohol consumption, sleep score, diet, discretionary screen-time, education, self-reported parental history of CVD and cancer, and self-reported medication use (cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes). Mortality: n = 71 893; events: all-cause = 1,927, cardiovascular disease = 602, cancer = 1150. Cardiovascular disease: n = 71,049, events = 4567. Cancer: n = 71,070, events = 2854.

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  Figure 3. Adjusted survival curves for mortality and disease incidence by vigorous physical activity volume groups. Timescale was age. Adjusted for sex, wear time, light intensity, moderate intensity, frequency of vigorous bouts, smoking history, alcohol consumption, sleep score, diet, discretionary screen-time, education, self-reported parental history of CVD and cancer, and self-reported medication use (cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes). Mortality: n = 71 893; events: all-cause = 1,927, cardiovascular disease = 602, cancer = 1150. Cardiovascular disease: n = 71,049, events = 4567. Cancer: n = 71,070, events = 2854.

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  Figure 4. Dose–response association between vigorous physical activity volume (minutes/week) and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality. Timescale was age. Adjusted for sex, wear time, light intensity, moderate intensity, frequency of vigorous bouts, smoking history, alcohol consumption, sleep score, diet, discretionary screen-time, education, self-reported parental history of CVD and cancer, and self-reported medication use (cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes). The range was capped at the 97.5 percentile to minimize the influence of sparse data. Sample = 71 893; events: all-cause = 1,927, cardiovascular disease = 602, cancer = 1150; reference= 2.2 min/week. Linearity: ACM (P < 0.01); CVD (P = 0.42); cancer (P < 0.01). Nadir: ACM [53.6 min/wk; HR = 0.64 (0.54, 0.77)]; cancer [55.4 min/wk; HR = 0.68 (0.52, 0.88)].

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  Figure 5. Dose–response association between vigorous physical activity volume (min/week) and incidence of cardiovascular disease (n = 71 049; events = 3730) and cancer (n = 71 070; events = 1315). Timescale was age. Adjusted for sex, wear time, light intensity physical activity, moderate intensity physical activity, frequency of vigorous bouts, smoking history, alcohol consumption, sleep score, diet, screentime, education, self-reported parental history of CVD and cancer, and self-reported medication use (cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes). The range was capped at the 97.5 percentile to minimize the influence of sparse data. Cardiovascular disease: n = 71,049, events = 4567. Cancer: n = 71,070, events = 2854. Reference = 2.17 min/week. Linearity: CVD (P < 0.01); cancer (P < 0.01). Nadir: CVD (56.5 min/wk; HR = 0.69 [0.63, 0.76]); cancer (46.3 min/wk; HR = 0.67 [0.55, 0.82]).