Blood Glucose Control and Structural and Functional Echocardiography Changes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing and may influence cardiac structure and function. However, the relationship between glycemic control and changes in echocardiographic outcomes remains unclear. Objective: This study aims to explore these associations across individual cardiac chambers. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, adult patients (≥18 years) with T2DM were enrolled. Glycemic control was evaluated using hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and postprandial glucose. Doppler echocardiography was performed by a trained cardiologist. Cardiac structural and functional indices were assessed. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between glycemic status and echocardiographic parameters, while logistic regression was applied to evaluate associations with categorical endpoints. Results: Ninety-nine patients were included (mean age = 66.7 ± 11 years; 38.4% male). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between patients with controlled and uncontrolled glycemic levels (all P > 0.05). Poor glycemic control was significantly associated with right ventricular dilatation ( P = 0.011), left ventricular systolic dysfunction ( P = 0.007), and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction ( P = 0.015). Conclusions: Poor blood glucose control was linked to both structural and functional impairments in the left and right ventricles. Optimizing glycemic management may help mitigate the adverse cardiovascular effects associated with hyperglycemia.