The Role of Endothelin‐1, Kidney Function and Diabetes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Flowchart of CAD patient underwent PCI selection. ET‐1, Endothelin‐1; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; DM, diabetes mellitus; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.

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  FIGURE 2. The MACE risks in various CAD groups. (A) Incidence rate of MACE in CAD patients with impaired kidney function; (B) Incidence rate of MACE in CAD patients with DM. E1, low ET‐1 level; E2, medium ET‐1 level; E3, high ET‐1 level; DE1, non‐DM plus low ET‐1 level; DE2, non‐DM plus medium ET‐1 level; DE3, non‐DM plus high ET‐1 level; DE4, DM plus low ET‐1 level; DE5, DM plus medium ET‐1 level; DE6, DM plus high ET‐1 level. K1, eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2; K2, eGFR 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2; K3, eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; E1, low ET‐1 level; E2, medium ET‐1 level; E3, high ET‐1 level; KE1, eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus low ET‐1 level; KE2, eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus medium ET‐1 level; KE3, eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus high ET‐1 level; KE4, eGFR 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus low ET‐1 level; KE5, eGFR 0–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus medium ET‐1 level; KE6, eGFR 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus high ET‐1 level; KE7, eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus low ET‐1 level; KE8, eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus medium ET‐1 level; KE9, eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus high ET‐1 level. ET‐1, Endothelin‐1; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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  FIGURE 3. The Kaplan–Meier analysis for MACE in combined status of both DM and ET‐1 levels in CAD patients with impaired kidney function (A) and combined status of both kidney function and ET‐1 levels in CAD patients with DM. DE1, non‐DM plus low ET‐1 level; DE2, non‐DM plus medium ET‐1 level; DE3, non‐DM plus high ET‐1 level; DE4, DM plus low ET‐1 level; DE5, DM plus medium ET‐1 level; DE6, DM plus high ET‐1 level. KE1, eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus low ET‐1 level; KE2, eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus medium ET‐1 level; KE3, eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus high ET‐1 level; KE4, eGFR 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus low ET‐1 level; KE5, eGFR 0–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus medium ET‐1 level; KE6, eGFR 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus high ET‐1 level; KE7, eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus low ET‐1 level; KE8, eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus medium ET‐1 level; KE9, eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus high ET‐1 level. ET‐1, Endothelin‐1; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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  FIGURE 4. The restricted cubic spline analysis showed the relationships between ET‐1 and the risk of MACE in CAD patients with impaired kidney function. (A) MACE risk of CAD patients with impaired kidney function; (B) MACE risk of CAD patients with impaired kidney function in DM and non‐DM; (C) CV death risk of CAD patients with impaired kidney function in DM and non‐DM; (D) nonfatal MI risk of CAD patients with impaired kidney function in DM and non‐DM. ET‐1, Endothelin‐1; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; DM, diabetes mellitus; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction.