Why the study?
Does beta-blocker therapy improve clinical outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure?
Does beta-blocker therapy improve clinical outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure?
Observational data from the FIRST trial suggests that baseline beta-blocker therapy is associated with lower rates of worsening heart failure and death in patients with advanced heart failure.
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May support beta-blockers in advanced HF; leaves open causal benefit without randomized confirmation.
O’Connor et al. (1999) studied this question.
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