Angiographic Characteristics of the Vein of Marshall in Patients with and without Atrial Fibrillation

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flowchart of CS angiography, VOM angiography, and ethanol infusion procedure. AF = atrial fibrillation; AT = atrial tachycardia; AVNRT = atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia; AVRT = atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia; CS = coronary sinus; LAO = left anterior oblique; LSPV = left superior pulmonary vein; RAO = right anterior oblique; PAF = paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PerAF = persistent atrial fibrillation; PVC = premature ventricular contraction; VOM = vein of Marshall.

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  Figure 2. Measurements of the VOM in the LAO/LAO cranial (A) and RAO (B) views by CS angiography. Segment A and E = diameter of VOM; segment B and F = diameter of the CS at VOM level; segment C and G = diameter of CSo; segment D = distance between VOM ostium and CSo; angle α = angle between VOM and proximal CS; angle β = angle between VOM and distal CS. CS = coronary sinus; CSo = coronary sinus ostium; LAO = left anterior oblique; LSPV = left superior pulmonary vein; MCV = middle cardiac vein; PLV = posterior lateral vein; RAO = right anterior oblique; VOM = vein of Marshall.

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  Figure 3. Morphologic classification of the VOM. CS = coronary sinus; CSo = coronary sinus ostium; LAO = left anterior oblique; LSPV = left superior pulmonary vein; MCV = middle cardiac vein; RAO = right anterior oblique; VOM = vein of Marshall.

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  Figure 4. (A) Correlation between the VOM ostium diameter and age as well as LAV in all patients (n = 290); (B) correlation between the VOM ostium diameter and age as well as LAV in AF patients (n = 183); (C) correlation between the VOM diameter and age as well as LAV in non-AF patients (n = 107). AF = atrial fibrillation; CS = coronary sinus; CSo = coronary sinus ostium; LAV = left atrial volume; VOM = vein of Marshall.

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  Figure 5. (A) Correlation between the VOM ostium diameter and the CSo diameter as well as CS diameter at the VOM level in the RAO plane in all patients (n = 290); (B) correlation between the VOM ostium diameter and the CSo diameter as well as CS diameter at the VOM level in the RAO plane in AF patients (n = 183); (C) correlation between the VOM ostium diameter and the CSo diameter as well as CS diameter at the VOM level in the RAO plane in non-AF patients (n = 107). AF = atrial fibrillation; CS = coronary sinus; CSo = coronary sinus ostium; RAO = right anterior oblique; VOM = vein of Marshall.