Electrocardiogram-gated cardiac computed tomography-based patient- and segment-specific cardiac motion estimation method in stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation for ventricular tachycardia

Fig. 1. Diagram of cardiac motion estimation workflow. Processes and data in light blue boxes relate to the cardiac motion of the clinical target volume (CTV) and American Heart Association (AHA) 17 left ventricle (LV) segments, while those in orange relate to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead tip motion. Abbreviations: CT = computed tomography; ITV = internal target volume. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. Motion vectors representing the deformation of a clinical target volume (CTV) point cloud on the left ventricle (LV) at the end-diastolic phase.

Fig. 3. Cardiac motion of the center of mass (CoM) for individual clinical target volumes (CTVs, bar chart) and individual CTV points (box chart) in the right-left (RL), anterior-posterior (AP), superior-inferior (SI) and 3D directions. Each patient had one CTV, with the exception of patients 2 and 9 with two CTVs. Mean values are shown as dots in the box chart. For the cardiac motion of individual CTV points, the mean and median values are similar and comparable.

Fig. 4. Cardiac motion of the center of mass for the American Heart Association 17 segments of the left ventricle in 3D on 17-segment bull’s-eye maps with the locations of the clinical target volumes (CTVs, orange borders) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead tips (red dots) for each patient. Each patient had one CTV, with the exception of patients 2 and 9 with two CTVs. CTVs are numbered in ascending order from inferior to superior in the manuscript. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 5. Euclidean distances between implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead tip motion and American Heart Association (AHA) 17 left ventricle segments motion in the right-left (RL), anterior-posterior (AP), superior-inferior (SI) and 3D directions, displayed on AHA 17-segment bull’s-eye maps.