Visualization of defects in perovskite solar cells using electroluminescence, photoluminescence, and thermal imaging methods

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention due to their high-power conversion efficiency and solution processability. Establishing a method to easily evaluate the defects present in PSCs is a key factor in achieving efficient large area PSCs. In this work, we have established a simple method to identify the defects in PSCs by combining several imaging methods. We revealed that the scratches in PSCs can be identified by combining electroluminescence, photoluminescence, and thermal imaging methods. We believe that the proposed methodology will provide important insights into the strategy for establishing efficient large-scale PSCs.