Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in pulmonary plexogenic arteriopathy due to congenital heart disease

34 analyzed patients (out of 39 initially enrolled) with various types of congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization and subsequent cardiac surgery with open lung biopsies. Grouped into moderate pulmonary plexogenic arteriopathy (PPA) (n=18), advanced PPA (n=7), pulmonary congestive vasculopathy (PCV) (n=5), and controls lacking pulmonary hypertension or increased pulmonary blood flow (n=4).

Presence of immunoreactive VEGF assessed immunohistochemically and correlated with haemodynamic and histological datasurrogate