Adverse Alterations in Mitochondrial Function Contribute to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus–Related Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans

122 human subjects (60 with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], 62 without T2DM)

Ex vivo treatment of isolated arterioles with low doses of mitochondrial uncoupling agents (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and 2,4-dinitrophenol) or a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant (MitoTEMPOL)

Subjects without T2DM (for in vivo comparisons) and untreated T2DM arterioles (for ex vivo experiments)

Endothelial function measured by brachial artery ultrasound (flow-mediated dilation), digital pulse amplitude tonometry, and videomicroscopy of isolated arterioles; mitochondrial function (inner mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and mitochondrial superoxide production)surrogate