Rationale and Design of the Randomized Multicentre His Optimized Pacing Evaluated for Heart Failure (HOPE-HF) Trial

Figure 1. Potential pacing methods for atrioventricular (AV) delay optimization. His‐bundle pacing, biventricular (BiV) pacing, and right ventricular (RV) pacing are all potential methods for shortening a pathologically long AV delay. His‐bundle pacing does not prolong left ventricular activation time, when applied to patients with a narrow QRS duration, whereas BiV pacing and RV pacing prolong left ventricular activation time.

Figure 2. (A) Intended area within right atrium for implantation of the His pacing lead. The target area is where the non‐branching part of the His bundle sits above the tricuspid valve on the right atrial—left ventricular part of the membranous septum. (B) Appearance of a single cardiac cycle recorded on an EP system, from a well‐positioned His lead. Note that the atrial component (A) is less than half the size of the ventricular component (V). There is a His signal (H) between the two. This appearance suggests a favourable location. (C) The electrogram can also be displayed using the Pace–Sense Analyser. It is advisable to measure initially a unipolar signal utilizing the atrial channel with a gain setting of 0.05 mV/mm and a sweep speed of 50–100 mm/s. The ventricular channel is not sufficiently sensitive to detect His potentials. (D) This anterior–posterior projection radiographic image shows the typical anatomical location for the His lead (labelled). (E) Rhythm strip showing successful His‐bundle pacing. RV, right ventricular.

Figure 3. Differences between selective and non‐selective His pacing. (A) Normal intrinsic conduction. The electrocardiographic imaging (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) activation map shows rapid activation (each ventricle has homogenous colouring). (B) Selective His‐bundle pacing. Ventricular activation occurs solely via the His‐Purkinje system, giving a normal QRS and normal activation map. The middle panel shows the short delay between the pacing spike and the onset of ventricular activation. (C) Non‐selective His‐bundle pacing, during which ventricular activation occurs via both local myocardial capture [seen as early activation in right ventricle (RV) (red colour)] and activation via the His‐Purkinje system. Left ventricular (LV) activation time and pattern is the same as during intrinsic activation and with selective His pacing because activation of the LV occurs via the His‐Purkinje system. AP, anterior‐posterior orientation; LAD, left anterior descending; PA, posterior‐anterior orientation.

Figure 4. Patient study flow chart (AV, atrioventricular; BNP, B‐type natriuretic protein; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; QOL, quality of life).

Figure 5. Atrioventricular (AV) delay optimization protocol. The relative change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 8 beats of AAI pacing and 8 beats of dual chamber atrial synchronous–His pacing at a given atrioventricular delay (AVD) is determined [AV delay = 80 ms in this example (top left)]. This is a single alternation (plotted bottom left). A minimum of six alternations are made for each AVD (middle sections top and bottom). This process is repeated for each AV delay between 40 and 320 ms (less if intrinsic AV conduction occurs before 320 ms). The optimal AV delay is then derived from the plotted parabola (bottom right). In this example, the optimal AV delay was 160 ms. BP, blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram.