Why the study?
The study aims to describe the physiopathology and aetiologies of high-output cardiac failure and to discuss its associated phenotypes, including a newly identified phenotype without ventricular dilation.
Design
Integrative review
Authors
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Non-dilated HOCF phenotype merits diagnostic consideration in AVF and liver disease; review extends classification but leaves optimal management open.
High-output cardiac failure presents with two distinct phenotypes (enlarged vs. normal heart chambers) and requires prompt recognition of potentially curable etiologies.
Ávila et al. (2021) studied this question.
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