Combined Inhibition of Thrombosis by Lactobacillus paracasei and Clopidogrel

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effects of combined LP and CLP on MPA and PRI (n=6). (A) Body weight changes over different treatment periods; (B and C) AM and CA concentration Changes in blood on day 14; (D) MPA detection over different treatment periods; (E) PRI detection over different treatment periods. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs Control; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs CLP.

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  Figure 2. Inhibitory effects of combined LP and CLP on thrombosis in rats after model establishment (n=6). (A) Thrombosis formation time; (B) Thrombus weight; (C) Thrombus inhibition rate; (D) Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 detected by ELISA; (E) Secretion of P-selectin, GPIIb/IIIa, and D-dimer detected by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs Control; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs CLP.

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  Figure 3. Effects of combined LP and CLP on gut microbiota structure (n=4). (A) Alpha diversity of gut microbiota (Shannon index), reflecting species richness and evenness; (B) Beta diversity of gut microbiota, showing inter-group community similarity; (C) Principal component analysis (PCA) based on beta diversity, showing community separation among groups; (D and E) Microbial community structure and composition at the family and genus levels (top 10 taxa by relative abundance); (F) Fluorescent quantitative PCR detection of LP colonization in the intestine; (G and H) Serum SCFA and TMAO concentrations. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs Control; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs CLP.

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  Figure 4. Protective effects of combined LP and CLP on intestinal barrier function (n=6). (A) Immunofluorescence detection of ZO-1 and Occludin expression (scale bar: 200 μm); (B) Fluorescent quantitative PCR detection of ZO-1 and Occludin mRNA expression; (C) Fluorescent quantitative PCR detection of P-gp mRNA expression. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs Control; ## p < 0.01 vs CLP.