Using dynamic pupillometry as a simple screening tool to detect autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a pilot study

40 subjects total: 24 diabetic subjects (16 without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy [CAN] and 8 with CAN) and 16 healthy volunteers.

Dynamic pupillometry (Experiment 1: one flash administered and pupil response recorded for 3 seconds; Experiment 2: 25 flashes at 1-second intervals administered and pupil response recorded for 30 seconds).

Healthy volunteers (for diabetic vs. healthy comparison) and diabetic subjects without CAN (for CAN vs. no CAN comparison).

Pupil responsiveness (time and pupil-iris radius-related parameters, including amplitude reflexes and pupil radius).surrogate