Pupil Signs of Sympathetic Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

47 type 1 diabetic patients (divided into groups with and without long-term complications including cardiac autonomic neuropathy, peripheral sensomotor neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy) and 20 healthy subjects (total n=67).

Pharmacological pupillary tests using cocaine 4%, epinephrine 1%, and pholedrine 5% eye drops.

Healthy subjects and diabetic patients without long-term complications.

Horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) and pupillary responsiveness to sympathomimetic eye drops.surrogate