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State employees use force or the threat of force to restrict immigration. 1 Border guards forcibly detain and incarcerate foreigners who immigrate without state approval.When migrants evade or resist immigration restrictions, border agents sometimes deploy tasers to incapacitate migrants, pepper spray them, shoot them with rubber bullets, and, less frequently, beat migrants with batons, and even fire live ammunition at them. 2 Thousands of migrants perish annually in attempts to evade border agents. 3 State officials also capture and deport migrants who reside in their borders without official authorization.Affluent states have deported millions of unauthorized migrants in recent decades. 4*For helpful comments and suggestions
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Javier Hidalgo (2015) studied this question.
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