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The performance of impedance-matched lumped-element and traveling-wave integrated-optical phase modulators is compared. This analysis shows that the performance of lumped-element modulators in LiNbO/sub 3/ exceeds that of traveling-wave devices when the product of the modulation frequency and electrode length is less than approximately 20 GHz-mm. Impedance-matched lumped-element modulators are particularly applicable to narrow band systems operating up to several gigahertz.>
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L. M. Johnson (1989) studied this question.
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