The electrical double layer at the surface of particles of oxidic substances (such as quartz, rutile, zirconium oxide) is studied: by means of observations with suspensions of these substances in water, alcohols, acetone, or solutions of electrolytes in these liquids, and by means of electroendosmosis through membranes in these liquids. The double layer is caused by ions originating from the materials involved. H+ and OH− are potential‐determining. The zero point of the charge depends closely on the particle size: as in the case of Agl (Kruyt and Julien), large particles are more negative than smaller particles.
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E. J. W. Verwey (1941) studied this question.